roundaboutthere

Liberty

2010-08-26T14:58:00.000-07:00

The Liberty Bell, the scribe behind a classic road movie and more

Just in time for the holiday, The New Republic reviews "The Liberty Bell," a "fast-moving and engaging history" by Gary B. Nash. "In the 18th century, liberty was the dominant value of Anglo-American political culture, but its meaning remained vague and vacuous," writes reviewer Jack Rakove. "To see its existence as a struggle, and not a simple heroic legacy, better captures its essential meaning, and Gary Nash’s nifty quick treatment of this icon explains exactly why."

Hitting the road is also an American tradition; the website The Selvedge Yard takes a photographic look back at "Two Lane Blacktop," the classic 1971 road movie. In it, James Taylor (yes, the singer), Dennis Wilson (yes, the Beach Boy) and Warren Oates (the actor) race along Route 66. The screenplay was written by Rudy Wurlitzer, and before the film was released, was printed in its entirety in Esquire magazine.

Gina Frangello, a major force in Chicago's literary scene and author of "Slut Lullabies," tells Chicago Subtext, about another kind of freedom. Even though a publisher went bankrupt on the eve of her novel's publication, and she's struggling to keep her publishing house, Other Press, vital. "The online community is amazing for indie publishers," she says. "It's basically leveling the playing field so much more than was possible even a few years ago.... Now, the literary community has become very virtual, in a lot of ways."

Feel awkward about using emoticons in your sentences? At Good magazine, Anne Trubek explores the history of emoticons and discovers that way back in 1887, author Ambrose Bierce suggested that a bracket "be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence." Vladimir Nabokov, too, wanted a curved smile. So if you're tempted to use an emoticon, feel free -- they have quite a literary pedigree.

Plans to ease Ashmore traffic congestion

2009-02-25T23:28:00.000-08:00

Council has unveiled concept plans to ease traffic congestion at Ashmore, with a proposed upgrade and two-lane extension of Ashmore Road between Activity Crescent and Smith Street.

The Ashmore Road to Smith Street Connection Project is a $17 million Council initiative designed to improve road safety and reduce commuter times.

Engineering Services Committee Chair and Divisional Councillor Dawn Crichlow said Gold Coast roads were becoming more congested and road infrastructure needed to keep pace with the increasing number of road users.

“The Increased traffic along Ashmore Road travelling through to industrial areas has already led to greater congestion and this could affect road safety for drivers, cyclists and pedestrians into the future,” said Cr Crichlow.

“With more than seven schools, TAFE and a major university located within surrounding areas, Ashmore has become a popular route for students.

“The new university hospital at Parklands, scheduled for completion in 2012, will only add to the number of road users through the area and this project will provide a faster and safer connection for students, residents and commuters.

“Local residents have been contacted and Council will be working hard to minimise disruption to the community.

“An Environmental Impact Study has been completed and the proposed route is designed to limit the number of directly affected residents.”

Banana

2009-01-22T05:09:00.000-08:00

Banana is the common name used for herbaceous foliage of the genus Mesa, and is also the name given to the fruit of these plants. They are resident to the tropical region of Southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia. They are cultivated primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser level for the production of fiber and as ornamental plants. Because of their size and structure, banana plants are often wrong for trees. The main or upright growth is called a pseudo stem, which for some species can gain a height of up to 2–8 m, with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length. Each pseudo stem produces a single group of bananas, before dying and being replaced by a new pseudo stem.

Bananas are grown in 132 countries worldwide, additional than any other fruit crop. In popular culture and commerce, banana usually refers to soft, sweet dessert bananas that are usually eaten raw. The bananas from a collection of cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are generally used in cooking rather than eaten raw. Bananas may also be dried up and ground into banana flour. Although the wild species have fruits with numerous large, hard seeds, virtually all culinary bananas have unplanted fruits. Bananas are classified any as dessert bananas or as green cooking bananas.

Dance

2008-12-11T04:55:00.001-08:00

Dance generally refers to association of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals, action in inanimate objects (the leaves danced in the wind), and certain musical forms or genres.

Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and sort from functional movement (such as folk dance) to virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while martial arts kata are repeatedly compared to dances.

Dance can be participatory, common or performed for an audience. It can also be ceremonial, competitive or erotic. Dance movements may be without significance in themselves, such as in ballet or European folk dance, or have a gestural vocabulary/symbolic system as in various Asian dances. Dance can embody or express ideas, emotions or tell a story.

Historical perspective

2008-10-13T06:06:00.000-07:00

Based on the available evidence, scientists have reconstructed detailed information about the planet's past. Earth is estimated to have formed approximately 4.55 billion years ago out of the solar nebula, along with the Sun and other planets. The moon formed relatively soon afterwards.

Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgas sing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered by comets, produced the oceans. The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.

Continents formed, then broke up and re-formed as the surface of Earth reshaped itself over the course of hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a super continent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known super continent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.

Power

2008-07-21T05:49:00.000-07:00

Power is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted or the amount of energy essential or finished for a given unit of time. It is many types of conversion
Power.
Power (physics) is the quantity of work done or energy transferred per unit of time. Motive power is power which moves great, such as output of a motor. Electric power generation is the process of converting any form of energy to electrical energy.

Power station, a capability for generating electricity, nuclear power, the conversion of nuclear force to electricity, solar power, the translation of solar energy to electricity, wind power, the conversion of wind energy to electricity, wave power, the conversion of signal energy to electricity, tidal power, the conversion of energy of the tides energy to electricity, geothermal power, the conversion of geothermal power to electricity, hydropower, the conversion of possible or kinetic energy of water to electricity, Optical power of a lens is the opposite of its focal length, Effective radiated power in radio telecommunications is a calculate of radio station antennas.

Earth

2008-05-29T07:32:00.000-07:00

Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, third in order of distance from the Sun. It is the largest of its planetary system's terrestrial planets and the only place in the universe known to support life.

The most prominent features of the earth's climate are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation patterns vary widely according to location, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. About 70 percent of the surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with the vast majority of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually migrate across the surface over geologic time spans, which at least several times have changed relatively quickly. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of molten Earth mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field

Birds

2008-05-13T09:49:00.000-07:00

Many species of bird undertake long distance annual migrations, and many more perform shorter irregular movements. Birds are social and communicate using visual signals and through calls and song, and participate in social behaviors including cooperative hunting, cooperative breeding, flocking and mobbing of predators. Birds are primarily socially monogamous, with engagement in extra-pair copulations being common in some species-other species have polygamous or polyandrous breeding systems. Eggs are regularly laid in a nest and incubated and most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching.

Birds are economically important to humans: many are important sources of food, acquired either through hunting or farming, and they provide other products. Some species, particularly songbirds and parrots, are popular as pets. Birds figure prominently in all aspects of human culture from religion to poetry and popular music. About 120-130 species have become extinct as a result of human activity since 1600, and hundreds more before this. Currently around 1,200 species of birds are threatened with extinction by human activities and efforts are underway to protect them.

Coconut

2008-04-17T09:11:00.001-07:00

The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as well as for its many cooking and non-culinary uses, virtually every part of the coconut palm has some human use.The flowers of the coconut palm are polygamomonoecious, with both male and female flowers in the similar inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously, with female plants producing seeds. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. Coconut water can be used as an intravenous fluid.

Nearly all parts of the coconut palm are useful, and the palms have a comparatively high yield, it therefore has important economic value. The name for the coconut palm in Sanskrit is kalpa vriksha, which translates as the tree which provides all the requirements of life. In Malay, the coconut is known as pokok seribu guna, the tree of a thousand uses. In the Philippines, the coconut is generally given the title Tree of Life. The white, fleshy part of the seed is safe to eat and used fresh or dried in cooking.

Space Tourism

2008-03-13T08:05:00.000-07:00

Space tourism is the recent occurrence of tourists paying for spaceflights, principally for personal agreement.

As of 2008, space tourism opportunities are limited and luxurious, with only the Russian Space Agency providing transportation. The price for a flight brokered by Space Adventures to the International Space Station aboard a Soyuz spacecraft is now $30 million. Flights are fully booked until 2009.

Among the primary attractions of space tourism are the matchlessness of the knowledge, the adventure and awe of looking at Earth from space (described by astronauts as extremely passionate and mind-boggling), the experience's notion as an fashionable status symbol, and various advantages of flimsiness. The space tourism industry is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations, including California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska, Esrange in Sweden and Wisconsin, as well as Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. Some use the term "personal spaceflight" as in the case of the Personal Spaceflight Confederation.

Niagara Falls

2008-03-10T08:09:00.001-07:00

Niagara Falls is a set of massive waterfalls located on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian territory of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The falls are located 17 miles (27 km) north-northwest of Buffalo, New York, 75 miles (120 km) south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario, between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York.

Niagara Falls is composed of two major sections parted by Goat Island: Horseshoe Falls, on the Canadian side of the border and American Falls on the United States side. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls also is located on the American side, separated from the main falls by Luna Island. Niagara Falls were formed when glaciers receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation (the last ice age), and water from the newly-formed Great Lakes stamped a path through the Niagara Escarpment en route to the Atlantic Ocean. While not exceptionally high, the Niagara Falls are very extensive. More than six million cubic feet (168,000 m³) of water fall over the crest line every minute in high flow, and almost 4 million cubic feet (110,000 m³) on average. It is the most powerful waterfall in North America.

The Niagara Falls are renowned both for their beauty and as a precious source of hydroelectric power (Sir Adam Beck Generating Station)EST 1917. Managing the balance between leisure, commercial, and industrial uses has been a challenge for the stewards of the falls since the 1800s.

Heat

2008-02-19T08:43:00.000-08:00

In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a divergence in temperature. In thermodynamics, the quantity TdS is used as a commissioner measure of heat, which is the absolute temperature of an object multiplied by the differential quantity of a system's entropy measured at the boundary of the object. Heat can flow suddenly from an object with a high heat to an object with a lower temperature. The transfer of heat from an object, to another object with an equal or higher temperature, however, can happen only with the aid of a heat force.

High temperature bodies, which often result in high rates of heat transfer, can be created by chemical reactions (such as burning), nuclear reactions (such as fusion taking place inside the Sun), electromagnetic indulgence (as in electric stoves), or mechanical dissipation (such as friction). Heat can be transferred between objects by an emission, conduction and convection. Temperature is used as a measure of the inside energy or enthalpy, that is the level of elementary motion giving rise to heat transfer. Heat can only be transferred between objects, or areas within an object, with different temperatures (as given by the zeroth law of thermodynamics), and then, in the absence of work, only in the direction of the colder body (as per the second law of thermodynamics). The temperature and phase of a material subject to heat transfer are determined by latent heat and heat capacity. A related term is thermal energy, loosely defined as the energy of a body that increases with its temperature.

Mango

2008-02-11T04:08:00.000-08:00

The mango is now widely cultivated as a fruit tree in frost-free humid and warmer subtropical climates throughout the Indian subcontinent, North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, south and central Africa, Australia and Southeast Asia. It is easily sophisticated and there are now more than 1,000 cultivars, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its strong taste of turpentine, which according to the Oxford Companion to Food some varieties essentially control) to the huevos de toro.

The mango is a popular fruit with people around the world. However, many mango farmers accept a low price for their produce. This has led to mangoes being available as a just trade item in some countries. Dwarf or semi-dwarf varities, such as Nam Doc Mai can be grown and fruit in containers. They will need constant care and scale maybe difficult.

The pigment euxanthin, usually known as Indian yellow, is often described as having been produced from the urine of cows fed on mango leaves; the practice is described as having been outlawed in 1908 after having been found to cause starvation in the cows. However, Victoria Finlay has shown that these descriptions of the pigment's origin all rely on a single undependable source, that there exist no other records of the pigment being produced in such a fashion, and that Indian legal records do not mention any such practice ever being outlawed. As such, the capability of the pigment's making from mango-leaf-fed cows is unknown.

Machine

2008-01-30T08:13:00.000-08:00

The scientific definition of a "machine" is derived from the latin machine, is any device that transmits or modifies energy. In common usage, the meaning is constrained to devices having stiff moving parts that perform or assist in performing some work. Machines normally require some energy source and always realize some sort of work. Devices with no rigid moving parts are commonly considered tools, or simply devices, not machines.

People have used mechanisms to magnify their abilities since before written records were available. Generally these devices decrease the amount of force required to do a given quantity of work, alter the direction of the force, or transform one form of motion or energy into another.

The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the ratio between the force it exerts on the load and the input force applied. This does not exclusively describe the machine's performance, as force is required to overcome friction as well. The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage (AMA) to the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA). Functioning physical machines are always less than 100% efficient.

Modern power tools, automated machine tools, and human-operated power machinery are tools that are also machines. Machines used to transform heat or other energy into mechanical energy are known as engines.

Hydraulics devices may also be used to support industrial applications, although devices exclusively lacking rigid moving parts are not commonly considered machines. Hydraulics are widely used in heavy equipment industries, automobile industries, marine industries, aeronautical industries, construction equipment industries, and earthmoving apparatus industries

Nanotechnology

2008-01-19T02:19:00.000-08:00

Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology casing a broad range of topics. The main unifying theme is the control of matter on a scale smaller than 1 micrometre, normally in the order of 1 to 100 nanometers, as well as the fabrication of plans of this size. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as functional physics, materials science, colloidal science, appliance physics, supramolecular chemistry, and even mechanical and electrical engineering. Much speculation exists as to what new discipline and technology may result from these lines of research. Nanotechnology can be seen as an extension of accessible sciences into the nanoscale, or as a recasting of existing sciences using a newer, most recent term.

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the bottom-up approach, materials and devices are built from molecular mechanisms which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular appreciation. In the top-down approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level power. The impetus for nanotechnology comes from a renewed attention in colloidal science, coupled with a new invention of analytical tools such as the minute force microscope, and the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Combined with refined processes such as electron beam lithography and molecular beam epitaxy, these instruments allow the purposeful manipulation of nanostructures, and led to the observation of novel phenomena.

Science

2007-12-29T06:29:00.000-08:00

Science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word.

Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:

• Natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including biological life), and
• Social sciences, which study human behavior and societies.

These groupings are empirical sciences, which mean the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and capable of being experimented for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.

Inca Rope bridge

2007-12-19T08:53:00.000-08:00

Inca Rope bridges were simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges to present access for the Inca Empire. Bridges of this type were suitable for use since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport - traffic was incomplete to pedestrians and livestock. These bridges were an intrinsic part on the Inca road scheme and are an excellent example of Inca innovation in engineering. They were frequently used by Chasqui runners delivering messages throughout the Inca Empire.

The construction of these bridges amounted to a pair of stone anchors on each side of the canyon with immense cables of woven ichu grass linking these two pylons together. Adding to this construction, two additional cables acted as guardrails. The cables which supported the foot-path were unbreakable with plaited branches. This multi-structure system made these bridges strong enough to even carry the Spaniards while riding horses after they indoors. However, these massive bridges were so heavy that they tended to sag in the middle, and this caused them to bend in high winds.

Weather and climate

2007-12-13T08:35:00.001-08:00

The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and other inert gases, carbon dioxide, etc.; but air also contains a variable amount of water vapor. The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude, and has a scale height of about 8 kilometers at the Earth's surface: the height at which the atmospheric pressure has declined. The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the lower part of the atmosphere, and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat. Ocean currents are another important factor in determining climate, particularly the major underwater thermohaline circulation which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the Polar Regions. These currents help to moderate the differences in temperature between winter and summer in the temperate zones. Also, without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere, the tropics would be much hotter, and the polar regions much colder

Papaya

2007-11-27T06:44:00.000-08:00

The papaya is a fruit of the tree. It is a small tree, the single stem growing from 5 to 10 m tall, with spirally set leaves confined to the top of the trunk, the lower trunk is obviously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50-70 cm width, deeply palmately lobed with 7 lobes. The tree is typically unbranched if unlopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria but are much slighter and wax like.

They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into the large 15-45 cm long and 10-30 cm diameter fruit. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft and its skin has attained amber to orange hue. The fruit's taste is vaguely similar to pineapple and peach, although much milder without the tartness, creamier, and more fragrant, with a texture of a little over-ripened cantaloupe. The primary use of the papaya is as an safe to eat fruit. The ripe fruit is generally eaten raw, without the skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit of papaya can be eaten ripe, usually in curries, salads and stews.

Public &Private school

2007-11-19T06:24:00.000-08:00

Both schools offer the good education to the dearest of a parent’s heart, their children. Private schools on one hand would cost about $5,000 dollars a year. Unlike the public school, no weapons were ever found on any students of the private school, but if there ever were, students would be axiomatically thrown out with no refund of their money. Some parents may think it’s worth the cost of a private school to keep there children safe. These numbers will too, affect the ability for students to focus and become undistracted on their education and extra curricular activities. Private schools would give all that to students as long as they receive their monthly payment of upto $483 dollars. With uniforms, the students can go to school unafraid of being made fun of with what they are wearing because everyone looks the same. Others may believe there is plenty of authority and security in public schools to keep their children out of danger. The Students might feel like they should be going to school to impress and express them selves with what their wearing. In the private school, uniforms are strictly enforced and required. Although, the public school in Middletown does not enforce uniforms which can become a major distraction to the adolescent minds of the students.

Coffee Preparation

2007-10-26T09:21:00.000-07:00

The processing of coffee normally designates the agricultural and industrial processes desirable to deliver whole roasted coffee beans to the consumer. Grinding the roasted coffee beans is done at a roastery, in a grocery store, or at home. It is most frequently ground at the roastery and sold to the consumer ground and packaged, though "whole-bean" coffee that is ground at home is becoming more popular, in spite of the extra effort required. A grind is referred to by its brewing method. "Turkish" grind, the finest, is meant for mixing straight with water, while the coarsest grinds, such as coffee percolator or French press, are at the other extreme. Midway between the extremes are the most common: "drip" and "paper filter" grinds, which are used in the most common home coffee brewing machines.

The "drip" machines function with near-boiling water passed in a slow stream through the ground coffee in a filter. The espresso method uses more advanced technology to force very hot water, through the ground coffee, ensuing in a stronger flavor and chemical changes with more coffee bean matter in the drink. Once brewed, it may be presented in a variety of ways: on its own, with sugar, with milk or cream, hot or cold, and so on. Roasted arabica beans are also eaten plain and covered with chocolate. See the article on coffee preparation for a complete list.

Electron

2007-10-15T03:35:00.000-07:00

In relativistic quantum mechanics, the electron is described by the direct Equation which defines the electron as a point. In quantum field theory, the activities of the electron are described by quantum electrodynamics, a gauge theory. In Dirac's model, an electron is defined to be a mathematical point, a point-like, exciting bare particle surrounded by a sea of interacting pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles. The extraordinarily precise agreement of this forecast with the experimentally resolute value is viewed as one of the great achievements of modern physics.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, the electron is the first-generation stimulating lepton. It forms a weak isospin doublet with the electron neutrino, these two particles cooperate with each other through both the charged and neutral current weak interaction. The electron is very similar to the two more massive particles of higher generations, the muon and the tau lepton, which are identical in charge, spin, and interface but differ in mass.

Music

2007-10-09T06:22:00.000-07:00

Music is an art form that involve what are sometimes organised sounds and silence, although in some forms of 20th century aleatoric, and certainly improvisational music, as well as most Eastern traditions such as Gamelou, this is not the case. It is uttered in terms of pitch, rhythm, and the quality of sound.Music may also involve generative forms in time through the building of patterns and combinations of natural stimulus, principally sound. Music may be used for artistic or aesthetic, expansive, entertainment, ceremonial or religious purposes and by many composers purely as an academic system for study.
Performance is the effecting of music. While music cannot technically exist without performance, we generally think of presentation as being the exhibition of a musical work before an audience. A musical work is performed once its structure and instrumentation are reasonable to its creators; however, as it gets performed more and more over time, it can evolve and adjust in any number of ways.

IPL

2007-09-19T07:58:00.000-07:00

IPL is Initial program load, used in operating system. In computing, booting is a bootstrapping method that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot series is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched on that loads an operating system.
Most computer systems can only complete code found in the memory (ROM or RAM). Modern operating systems are stored on hard disks, or occasionally on Live CDs, USB flash drives, or other non-volatile storage devices. When a computer is first power-driven on, it doesn't have an operating system in memory. The computer's hardware alone cannot perform complex measures such as loading a program from disk, so an apparent paradox exists, to load the operating system into memory, one appears to need to have an operating system already loaded. The System/360 IPL function reads 24 bytes from an operator-specified or pre-configured machine into memory starting at location zero. The second and third groups of eight bytes are treated as Channel Command Words (CCWs) to maintain loading the startup program. When the I/O channel instructions are complete, the first group of eight bytes is then loaded into the Program Status Word (PSW) register and the startup program begins completing at the designated locatio

Shipping

2007-09-04T09:50:00.000-07:00

Shipping is basic method of transporting goods and cargo. Virtually every product ever made, bought, or sold has been exaggerated by shipping. Despite the lots of variables in shipped products and locations, there are only three basic types of shipments, land, air, and sea.
Land or ground shipping can be either by train or by automobile. Trucking is easily the most accepted form of shipping. Even in Air and Sea shipments, ground transportation is still required to take the product from its origin to the airport or seaport and then to its purpose. Ground transportation is typically more affordable than air shipments, but more costly than shipping by sea. Trucks are also much quicker than ships and rail but slower than planes.
Ground shipping can be cheaper and less limiting to size, quantity, weight, and type of freight than by air transport. Air transport is usually held in reserve for products which must be sent within a shorter time frame. Shipping can more generally refer to the transport of freight, self-determining of the mode of transport

Cattle

2007-08-23T10:00:00.001-07:00

Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are disciplined ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovina of the family Bovidae. They are raised as livestock for meat dairy products (milk), leather and as draught animals. In some countries, such as India, they are honored in religious ceremonies and revered. It is expected that there are 1.4 billion head of cattle in the world today.
Cattle were originally known by Carolus Linnaeus as three separate species. These were Bos taurus, the European cattle, including similar types from Africa and Asia, Bos indicus, the zebu,and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to together zebu and European cattle. More newly these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, sometimes using the names Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius. Complicating the matter is the capacity of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between European cattle and zebu but also with yaks, banteng, gaur, and bison, a cross-genera fusion. Cattle cannot effectively be bred with water buffalo or African buffalo

Safety

2007-08-16T05:03:00.000-07:00

Safety is the state of being safe, the situation of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or additional types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or reasonable losses. There also are two slightly different meanings of safety, a safety home may indicate its protection ability against external harm events, and the second that its internal installations are safe for its habitants.
Safety can be limited in relative to some guarantee or a standard of insurance to the quality and unharmful function of an object or organization. It is used in order to ensure that the object or association will do only what it is meant to do. Normative safety is a term used to explain products or designs that meet applicable design standards. Substantive safety stands for that the real-world safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met. Perceived safety refers to the stage of comfort of users

Hockey

2007-08-06T06:30:00.000-07:00

Hockey is any of a family of sports in which two teams struggle by trying to maneuver a ball, or a hard, surrounding disc called a puck, into the opponent's net or goal, using a hockey stick. Field hockey is played on nettle, natural grass, sand-based or water-based artificial turfs, with a small, hard ball. The game is popular among both males and females in many countries of the world, mostly in Europe, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South Asia. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, even though it can be played by mixed-sex sides. In the United States and Canada it is played mostly by women.Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the hair removed.

There are early representations and reports of hockey-type games being played on ice in the Netherlands, and reports from Canada from the beginning of the nineteenth century, but the modern game was initially planned by students at McGill University, Montreal in 1875 who, by two years later, codified the first set of ice hockey rules and organized the first teams.

Escalator

2007-07-26T06:35:00.000-07:00

An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people, consisting of a staircase whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep the surfaces of the individual ladder horizontal. As a power-driven, continuous moving stairway planned to transport passengers up and down short vertical distances, escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include shopping centers, airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.

They have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and they can be placed in the same physical space as set of steps. They have no waiting interval, except during very heavy traffic, they can be used to guide people towards main exits and they may be weather-proofed for outdoor use.

Inductor

2007-07-20T06:48:00.000-07:00

An inductor is a passive electrical device working in electrical circuits for its property of inductance. Inductance is an consequence which results from the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying conductor. Electrical current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux relative to the current. A change in this current creates a change in magnetic flux that, in turn, generates an electromotive force that acts to oppose this change in current. Inductance is a calculate of the generated emf for a unit modify in current. An inductor with an inductance of 1 henry produces an emf of 1 V when the current through the inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second. The number of turns, the area of each loop/turn, and what it is wrapped around influence the inductance.

An inductor opposes changes in the current. An ideal inductor would offer no resistance to a constant direct current, however, only superconducting inductors have truly zero electrical resistance. Inductors are used expansively in analog circuits and signal processing.

IPL

2007-07-16T02:49:00.000-07:00

IPL is Initial program load, used in operating system. In computing, booting is a bootstrapping method that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot series is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched on that loads an operating system.

Most computer systems can only complete code found in the memory (ROM or RAM). Modern operating systems are stored on hard disks, or occasionally on Live CDs, USB flash drives, or other non-volatile storage devices. When a computer is first power-driven on, it doesn't have an operating system in memory. The computer's hardware alone cannot perform complex measures such as loading a program from disk, so an apparent paradox exists, to load the operating system into memory, one appears to need to have an operating system already loaded. The System/360 IPL function reads 24 bytes from an operator-specified or pre-configured machine into memory starting at location zero. The second and third groups of eight bytes are treated as Channel Command Words (CCWs) to maintain loading the startup program. When the I/O channel instructions are complete, the first group of eight bytes is then loaded into the Program Status Word (PSW) register and the startup program begins completing at the designated location.

Electron

2007-07-10T04:28:00.001-07:00

In relativistic quantum mechanics, the electron is described by the direct Equation which defines the electron as a point. In quantum field theory, the activities of the electron are described by quantum electrodynamics, a gauge theory. In Dirac's model, an electron is defined to be a mathematical point, a point-like, exciting bare particle surrounded by a sea of interacting pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles. The extraordinarily precise agreement of this forecast with the experimentally resolute value is viewed as one of the great achievements of modern physics.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the electron is the first-generation stimulating lepton. It forms a weak isospin doublet with the electron neutrino, these two particles cooperate with each other through both the charged and neutral current weak interaction. The electron is very similar to the two more massive particles of higher generations, the muon and the tau lepton, which are identical in charge, spin, and interface but differ in mass.

Languages

2007-06-29T03:09:00.000-07:00

Languages that exist only in the spoken form, such as those of many of the Native American Indian tribes, require the use of audio recording campaign such as a digital audio recorder or a tape recorder, augmented by explanatory text written in other languages, for preservation. Recently, efforts have been made to create symbol sets and grammars for such languages to avoid further losses of historically valuable information. Conversely, there are numerous extinct languages which persist only in their printed form. In some cases, experts can only guess at what their spoken form really sounded like. To prevent further losses of this nature, modern linguists have developed supersets of symbols for the purpose of correctly recording the authentic sounds of known languages.

While the superset symbols, which normally encode phonemes and their allophones, could record continuous discussion with nearly flawless accuracy, it would be tedious and unnecessary to record huge volumes of speech in this manner. That said there is a practical application for it, fine tuning of the programming for text-to-speech synthesizers to give computers a voice that sounds extremely human. Where a synthesizer stumbles on a given word, an entry can be added to an omission dictionary, wherein its definition consists of the word respelled in phonemes and allophones.

Voltage

2007-06-25T02:50:00.000-07:00

Voltage is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit, uttered in volts. It measures the potential energy of an electric field to source an electric current in an electrical conductor. Depending on the difference of electrical potential it is called extra low voltage, low voltage, high voltage or extra high voltage.

Between two points in an electric field, such as exists in an electrical circuit, the distinction in their electrical potentials is known as the electrical potential difference. This difference is proportional to the electrostatic force that tends to drive electrons or other charge-carriers from one point to the other. Potential difference, electrical potential, and electromotive force are measured in volts, leading to the commonly used term voltage. Voltage is usually represented in equations by the symbols V, U, or E.

Electrical potential difference can be thought of as the capacity to move electrical charge through a resistance. At a time in physics when the word force was used loosely, the potential difference was named the electromotive force or EMF—a term which is still used in confident contexts.

Toy

2007-06-13T09:03:00.000-07:00

A Toy is an item used in play. Toys are usually related with children and pets, but it is not unusual for adult humans and some non-domesticated animals to play with toys. Many items are manufactured to serve as toys, but items shaped for other purpose can also be used as toys. A child may pick up a domestic item and 'fly' it around pretending that it is an airplane, or an animal might play with a pinecone by batting at it, chasing it, and throwing it up in the air. Some toys are intended largely as collector's items and are not to be played with.The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are pleasure found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word toy is unknown, but it is understood that it was first used in the 14th century.
Toys and play in general are an important part of the method of learning about the world and growing up. The young use toys and play to discover their identity, help their bodies grow tough, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults use toys and play to form and strengthen social bonds, teach the young, memorize and reinforce lessons from their own youth, exercise their minds and bodies, practice skills they may not use every day, and decorate their living spaces. Toys are more than simple amusement, and they and the way they are used greatly influence most aspects of life.

MIDI Controller

2007-05-27T22:37:00.001-07:00

MIDI controller is used in two senses. In one sense, a controller is hardware or software which generates and transmits MIDI data to MIDI-enabled devices. In the other more technical sense, a MIDI controller is an abstraction of the hardware used to control a performance, but which is not directly related to note-on/note off events. A slider assigned to open and close a low-pass filter on a synthesizer may be assigned to controller 18, for example. Changes in the position of the slider are transmitted along with "18" so that they are distinguished from changes in the value of other controllers.

Modifiers such as modulation wheels, pitch bend wheels, sustain pedals, pitch sliders, buttons, knobs, faders, switches, ribbon controllers, etc., alter an instrument's state of operation, and thus can be used to modify sounds or other parameters of music performance in real time via MIDI connections. The 128 virtual MIDI controllers and their electronic messages connect the actual buttons, knobs, wheels, sliders, etc. with their intended actions within the receiving device.

Some controllers, such as pitch bend, are special. Whereas the data range of most continuous controllers consists of 128 steps ranging in value from 0 to 127, pitch bend data may be encoded with over 16,000 data steps. This produces the illusion of a continuously sliding pitch, as in a violin's portamento, rather than a series of zippered steps such as a guitarist sliding their finger up the frets of their guitar's neck. Thus, the pitch wheel on a MIDI keyboard may generate large amounts of data which can lead to a slowdown of data throughput.

Debt

2007-04-02T23:17:00.000-07:00

Debt is that which is owed usually referencing assets owed, but the term can cover other obligations. In the case of assets, debt is a way of acquiring power in the present before a summation has been earned. Some companies and corporations use debt as a part of their overall corporate finance strategy.

A debt is formed when a creditor agrees to loan a sum of assets to a debtor. In modern society, debt is usually granted with expected repayment; in many cases, plus interest. Historically, debt was responsible for the creation of indentured servants.

Creditor

2007-02-05T04:04:00.000-08:00

A creditor is a party who claims that a second party owes the first party some properties or services. The first party, in common, has provided some property or service to the second party under the assumption that the second party will return an equal property or service. The first party is regularly called a lender, and the second party is frequently called a debtor or borrower.

In other words, your creditors are people to whom you owe money. The term creditor is commonly used in the financial world, particularly in orientation to short term loans, long term bonds, and mortgages. The term creditor derived from the concept of credit. In modern America, credit refers to a rating which indicates the ability of a borrower and likelihood to pay back his or her loan. In earlier times, credit also referred to reputation or trustworthiness.

Real property

2007-02-05T03:56:00.000-08:00

Real property is a legal term surrounding real estate and possession interests in real estate. It is also a kind of property separated from personal property.

The possession of land using the explanation of real property as a legal term used in Anglo-American common law jurisdictions. Other legal geopolitical systems of government have different legal version concerning to the possession of land. Terminology varies in the systems, for instance, heritable property in Scotland; immovable property in Canada, United States, India, Malta, Cyprus, most of Europe including Russia, also South America, Malaysia, South Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and many other countries and continents; and immobilier in France.

Political divisions of China

2007-01-13T02:21:00.000-08:00

The People's Republic of China has administrative control over twenty-two provinces; the government of the PRC considers Taiwan to be its twenty-third region. Apart from provinces, there are five independent regions, each with a designated minority group; four municipalities; and two Special Administrative Regions that enjoy considerable autonomy.

The twenty-two provinces, five autonomous regions and four municipalities can be jointly referred to as "mainland China", a term which usually excludes Hong Kong and Macau.

Pond ecosystem

2006-12-20T02:09:00.000-08:00

This is a specific type of freshwater ecosystem that is largely based on the autotrophic algae which provide the base trophic level for all life in the area. The largest predator in a pond ecosystem will normally be a fish and in-between range smaller insects and microorganisms. It may have a scale of organisms from small bacteria to big creatures like water snakes, beetles, water bugs, and turtles.

Fashion

2006-11-22T20:54:00.000-08:00

The term fashion usually applies to an existing mode of expression, but quite often applies to a personal mode of appearance that may or may not adhere to prevailing ideals. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more rapidly than the culture as a whole. The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to express whether someone or something fits in with the current popular mode of expression. The term "fashion" is frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness.

Home care

2006-10-25T00:30:00.000-07:00

Home care, also known as domiciliary care, is health care provided in the patient's home by healthcare professionals often referred to as home health care or formal care; in the United States, it is known as skilled care or by family and friends also known as caregivers, primary caregiver, or voluntary caregivers who give informal care. Often, the term home care is used to distinguish non-medical care or custodial care, which is care that is provided by persons who are not nurses, doctors, or other licensed medical personnel, whereas the term home health care, refers to care that is provided by such licensed personnel.

Home Care and Home Health Care are phrases that are used interchangeably in the United States, by both laypersons and professionals, to mean any type of care given to a person in their own home. Both phrases are used interchangeably regardless of whether the person requires Skilled Care by professionals or not.Home care aims to enable people to remain at home rather than use residential, long-term, or institutional-based nursing care. Care workers visit service users patients in the person's own home to help with daily tasks such as getting up, going to bed, dressing, toileting, personal hygiene, some household tasks, shopping, cooking and supervision of medication.

Multicellular organism

2006-10-18T22:05:00.000-07:00

Multicellular organisms are those organisms consisting of more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that achieve specialized functions. Most life that can be seen with the naked eye is multicellular, as are all animals and plants. A group of similarly differentiated cells performing a function in a multicellular organism is known as a tissue. Although some single-celled organisms, such as mycobacteria, have differentiated cells, the differentiation is less dramatic than that usually found in multicellular organisms.

A multicellular organism can work on a number of levels. For instance, a sponge works on a cellular level as the different cells are almost like many separate organisms co-operating jointly for a common goal. This is illustrated by the fact you can put a sponge in a blender and the cells of the sponge will aggregate again to form another sponge. They have no tissues, organs or organ systems which require a higher level of organization. More advanced organisms such as jellyfish, coral and sea anemones work on a tissue level of organization, as their cells can aggregate to form different tissues. For instance, a jellyfish has an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis, an example of different tissues to serve a different purpose.

Solar System

2006-10-05T22:11:00.000-07:00

The Solar System, is the stellar system comprising the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: the eight planets, their 162 known moons, three currently identified dwarf planets and their four known moons, and thousands of small bodies. This last category includes asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and interplanetary dust.

The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun ; a main sequence G2 star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. Because of its large mass, the Sun has an interior density high enough to sustain nuclear fusion, releasing enormous amounts of energy, most of which is radiated into space in the form of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. The Sun's two largest orbiting bodies, Jupiter and Saturn, account for more than 90% of the system's remaining mass.

Gerbera

2006-08-28T22:20:00.000-07:00

Gerbera L., is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family. It was named in honour of the German naturalist Traugott Gerber, a friend of Carolus Linnaeus. It has approximately 30 species in the wild; extend to South America, Africa, Madagascar, and tropical Asia. The first scientific description of a Gerbera was made by J.D. Hooker in Curtis Botanical Magazine in 1889 when he described Gerbera jamesonii, a South African species also known as Transvaal daisy or Barberton Daisy.

Gerbera species bear a large capitulum’s with striking, 2-lipped ray florets in yellow, orange, white, pink or red colors. The capitulum’s, which has the look of a single flower, is actually composed of hundreds of individual flowers. The morphology of the flowers varies depending on their position in the capitula. Gerbera is very popular and widely used as a decorative garden plant or as cut flowers. The domesticated cultivars are mostly a result of a cross between Gerbera jamesonii and another South African species Gerbera viridifolia.